大兴安岭南段赛罕乌拉石海剖面分析及其与蒙山拦马墙石河结构对比

石海（石河/冰石河）作为冰缘地貌的重要标志之一，在国内地学界尚未引起足够的重视，以至于缺少介绍石海结构特征的中文文献，更未建立判别标准，在地貌认知阶段就发生很多误判。为了揭示石海的剖面结构特征，笔者等对位于大兴安岭南段的赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区乌兰坝石海首次进行了开挖解剖，从而归纳了原生石海的基本结构特征：岩块棱角鲜明，呈镂空状堆积，岩块直径总体上上大下小。根据野外调查确认，赛罕乌拉海拔1800 m以上的区域至少还存在着局部现代石海，也就是说，还残存着不连续冻土带，而且保持年平均气温0℃左右的气候环境。根据赛罕乌拉现今气候记录和石海分布，笔者等估算了全新世初期赛罕乌拉石海开始发育时的地表温度在0~-4℃，而今天年平均气温已经升高到2℃，升温幅度2~6℃。根据赛罕乌拉石海剖面结构特征，笔者等对山东蒙山石河进行了结构对比，认为二者剖面结构基本一致，排除了前人近年来争议明显的冰川侧碛堤和泥石流成因说。结构对比揭示山东蒙山境内全新世早期至少局部存在过冰缘气候环境，而这也为山东境内更新世冰川地貌研究提供了重要的信息。此外，本研究也为中国冰缘地貌解剖和资源调查提供了一个可以参考的研究实例。     

气候变化对内蒙古小叶杨叶芽开放期的影响

利用趋势倾向率等统计分析方法,对内蒙古气候(1961—2006年)和小叶杨叶芽开放期(1981—2006年)的变化趋势进行了分析,并探讨小叶杨叶芽开放期与不同时段的气温、降水、日照的相关性以及气候因子的综合作用。分析发现:内蒙古地区小叶杨叶芽开放期变化趋势表现出强烈的地域差异。小叶杨平均叶芽开放期孪井滩最早,鄂温克最晚,两地相差39 d;各地区小叶杨叶芽开放期的变化趋势基本一致,除额尔古纳呈提前趋势外,其他地区表现出延迟趋势;小叶杨叶芽开放期与春季气温均呈显著负相关,即春季气温升高,小叶杨叶芽开放期提前,与降水和日照的相关性不显著;在日照充足的内蒙古地区气温和降水共同影响着小叶杨叶芽开放期的变化。     

Reconstructed summer degree days in central Alaska and northwestern Canada since 1524

Three time series based on precisely dated annual tree-ring widths have been used to reconstruct June plus July degree days for the central Alaska and northwestern Canada region. The time series are the longest recently developed chronologies for the area and represent 57 core samples from 27 trees. The degree-day reconstruction, extending back to A.D. 1524, exhibits much year-to-year variation and extended warming and cooling trends including a general warming trend from about 1840 to 1960. The reconstruction is in agreement with some subaretic glacial information and with data of percentage melting from arctic ice cores. This and similar reconstructions can provide quantitative information to compare with general circulation and energy budget models for longer time periods than are available in recorded meteorological data.     

近台资料对近震相对定位算法的影响

从地震定位的基本原理出发，分析认为近台资料可用于双差定位算法，但不能用于其他相对定位方法.在此基础上，通过分析和模拟计算表明，应用近台资料时，双差法有可能给出一定精度的地震绝对位置.但仅采用近台资料时，相对位置的误差会比使用远台资料时有所增加.近台和远台资料的联合使用，有利于得到较为精确的定位结果.当震源深度远小于震中距时，如果没有深度震相的参与，只能得到误差较小的震中相对分布，深度的相对位置仍有较大的误差.对2003年新疆伽师地震余震序列中部分余震的重新定位试验，验证了近台资料对双差定位算法的上述影响.     

Combining Seismic Noise Techniques for Landslide Characterization

A strong topographic relief and the presence of weakly consolidated sediments create favorable conditions for the development of landslides around the eastern rim of the Fergana Basin (Central Asia). In summer 2012, a field experiment employing small aperture seismic arrays was carried out on an unstable slope, using ambient vibration recordings. The aim of the study was to constrain the seismic response of a potential future landslide and to map lateral and vertical changes in the shear-wave velocity of the surficial soil layers. Strong variations of horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios in terms of amplitude and directionality indicated clear differences in local site effects, probably reflecting the stability of different sections of the slope. Results further showed resonant frequencies of both the entire unstable block, as well as for smaller, individual parts. The use of an ad hoc, passive seismic tomography approach based on noise correlograms allowed for the mapping of the shear-wave velocities of the sliding material, even in cases of significant topography relief. Based on the recording of seismic noise only, we clearly identified a low-velocity body of weakly consolidated claystone and limestone material, which can be interpreted as the landslide body, with laterally varying thickness.     

乌兰察布市2010年一次大风、寒潮天气的分析

运用常规气象观测资料和欧洲数值预报图,对2010年1月19—22日从西北方向入侵的强冷空气引发大面积的大风降温天气过程进行分析。结果表明：此次寒潮主要是由贝加尔湖附近的横槽内聚积一股较强的冷空气（高空500hPa冷中心强度达-45℃、地面冷高压中心强度达1060．0hP）。西西伯利亚的阻塞高压与贝加尔湖高空冷槽共同作用,西北路冷空气不断向东南侵袭,乌兰察布市处于西风带控制,横槽沿西风带向东移动分裂为两股冷空气。阻塞高压前偏北冷空气不断东移南下,引发横槽转竖并向南加深。持续性降温导致强寒潮天气过程。     

Visualizing and quantifying the movement of vegetative drought using remote-sensing data and GIS

Remote-sensing-based drought monitoring methods provide fast and useful information for a sustainable management strategy of drought impact over a region. Common pixel-based monitoring methods are limited in the analysis of the dynamics of this impact at regional scale. For instance, these hardly allow us to quantify the movement of drought in space and time and to compare drought with rainfall deficits without losing the variability of these events within a region. This study proposed an object-based approach that allowed us to visualize and quantify the spatio-temporal movement of drought impact on vegetation, called vegetative drought, in a region. The GIS software Dynomap was used to extract and track objects. Measures of distance and angle were used for determining the speed and direction of vegetative drought and rainfall deficit objects, calculated from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) normalized difference vegetation index and rainfall estimates data. The methods were applied to the two rainy seasons during the drought year 1999 in East Africa. Results showed that vegetative drought objects moved into the southwestern direction at an average angle of??138.5° during the first season and??144.5° during the second season. The speed of objects varied between 38 km dekad^?1 and 185 km dekad^?1 during the first season and between 33 km dekad^?1 and 144 km dekad^?1 during the second season, reflecting the rate of spread between dekads. Vegetative drought objects close to rainfall deficit objects showed similar trajectories and sometimes regions overlapped. This indicated that the two events are related. We conclude that a spatiotemporal relationship existed between the two types of events and that this could be quantified.     

基于SPAC原理建立内蒙古草原干旱指标

利用近20多年气象资料和土壤水分及牧草产量资料,采用对比分析和简化的水量平衡方法,建立了典型草原、草甸草原、荒漠草原需水量及生长季内草地蒸散系数 (Kc)随时间变化经验方程,确定出不同草原类型区需水量和Kc系数,草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原4—9月的需水量分别是390 mm、360 mm和180 mm,平均Kc系数为0.62、0.58和0.30;以SPAC理论为基础,给出草原旱情指数（K）的计算方法,结合牧草减产率（I）,提出干旱等级指标,当0.8＞K≥0.6、25%＜I≤45%时为轻旱,0.6＞K≥0.4、45%＜I≤65%时为中旱,K＜0.4、I＞65%时为重旱。经3 a的使用检验,指标的一致性达到75.3%,与牧业气象报表描述的旱情基本吻合,结果比较理想。